Methods for purification of cells based on product secretion

ABSTRACT

The invention provides methods for purifying one or more cells based on the level of one or more products secreted by the cells. In one embodiment, the method involves (a) contacting a plurality of cells immobilized in proximity to a capture matrix, the capture matrix capable of localizing a product secreted by one or more of the cells, with an agent that selectively binds to the product, the agent capable of generating a signal detectable as a property of light; (b) illuminating a population of the cells, the population contained in a frame; (c) detecting two or more properties of light directed from the frame, wherein a first property of light identifies substantially all cells of the population, and the second property of light identifies product localized to the capture matrix; (d) locating (i) substantially all cells of the population with reference to the detected first property of light, and (ii) one or more selected cells with reference to the detected second property of light, and (e) irradiating the non-selected cells, wherein each non-selected cell receives a substantially lethal dose of radiation, whereby one or more selected cells having a desired product secretion profile are purified.

The patent or application file contains one drawing executed in color.Copies of this patent or patent application publication with the colordrawing will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of thenecessary fee.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to cell purification and, morespecifically to methods for purifying cells based on the level of one ormore products secreted by the cells.

The ability to obtain a purified cell line is fundamental in a growingnumber of basic research and applied commercial applications. Forexample, in drug discovery, use of a homogeneous population of cellsthat express a particular drug target allows for reproducible results,and therefore permits high-throughput screening. For this reason, a cellclone that stably expresses a drug target can be a prerequisite forinitiating a drug screening campaign that can span several months andhundreds of thousands of candidate drugs.

Drug discovery efforts also depend on measuring cell responses, many ofwhich can be in the form of secreting various cellular products that donot stay associated with the cell that produced them. For example,immune system cells can secrete numerous cytokines (interferons,interleukins and the like) that impact disease processes. The ability toeasily purify cells based on their secretion response profile istherefore important. The absence of secretion of a particular productcan be equally important in this setting.

In biopharmaceutical manufacturing, over $30 billion worth of productsare produced annually, many from large-scale cultures of cloned celllines producing a secreted protein. These products include monoclonalantibodies (for example, Herceptin® (anti-EGFR), Rituxan® (anti-CD20),Xolair® (anti-IgE)), cytokines (for example, Aranesp® (erythropoietin),Rebif® (interferon)), and numerous other proteins (for example, FactorVIII, TPA, FSH, BMP). Generation of cell lines for manufacturing theseproducts is subject to many stringent requirements, including highprotein secretion, low biomass production, adaptation to definedserum-free medium, and adaptation to bioreactor conditions. Isolation ofa purified cell to generate a cell line can therefore be a criticalaspect of preparing cell-based products. In the manufacturing setting,validation of cell cloning for product-producing cell lines is an addedrequirement. For example, one requirement of the United States Food andDrug Administration (FDA) is verification of the origin of each cellclone developed for manufacturing.

Currently, a variety of methods are used for purifying cells, such as toobtain a single cell for generating a clonal cell line. One techniqueinvolves seeding cells at low density, identifying cells/colonies withdesirable attributes and isolating or collecting them by use of cloningrings or micropipette transfer. This approach provides visualverification of clonality at the time the cells/colonies are isolated.The considerable drawback is the slow and laborious procedure requiredto isolate and transfer each cell/colony into a new culture forevaluation. Further, this technique can be difficult to impossible toimplement with cells that exhibit a low cloning efficiency, such asprimary cells.

Another commonly used technique for purifying cells involves seedingcells at limiting dilution in multi-well plates (that is, maximizing theprobability that many wells will receive only one cell). Under the bestcircumstances (for example, no cell clumping), one can expect ˜37% ofwells to initially receive one cell. However, not all wells will resultin cell growth, and wells receiving more than one cell usually have agrowth advantage due to medium conditioning effects. Consequently, manyof the “clones” generated from limiting dilution are not clonal, andthree to five serial sub-cloning steps are required to improve thelikelihood of achieving a clonal population. The success of limitingdilution can be improved by visual identification of wells receivingsingle cells, but this process is slow and laborious. Further, limitingdilution is difficult to implement with cells that have low cloningefficiency, such as primary cells. Finally, before a secreted productfrom a cell can be measured, the cell must be allowed to proliferate toobtain enough secreted product to be detected (such as by ELISA of theculture supernatant).

An additional commonly used technique for purifying cells involves flowcytometry. Flow cytometers process cells by suspending them in afast-moving fluid stream, passing them through a laser beam/detectorsystem to assess each cell's fluorescence and laser scatteringcharacteristics, and then ejecting them from a nozzle withinelectrically-charged liquid droplets that are then deflected into a tubefor collection. Although flow cytometry works well for non-adherent celltypes (for example, blood cells), it is poorly suited for many othercell types (for example, neurons, hepatocytes) due to the harsh flowcytometry conditions, particularly when such cells are being sorted atone per well for cloning. Unfortunately, flow cytometry cannot be usedto detect secreted cell products because the cells are suspended in adynamic liquid stream. Although a bead-encapsulation method that allowssecreted product detection by flow cytometry has been developed, thisapproach adds the complexities of encapsulating the cells, verifying thecontents (that is, clonality) of each capsule, and then recovering thesingle cells of interest from the capsules.

Cell purification also is commonly accomplished by growing transfectedcells in selective media. In selecting transfected mammalian cells, drugresistance is often used as a selection criterion because successfullytransfected cells express both a protein of interest and a drugresistance gene product. Disadvantages of this approach includeunintended physiological effects of the drug and the resistance geneproduct, and the current lack of acceptance by the FDA of this approachfor production of biopharmaceuticals.

Thus, there exists a need for efficient methods for purifying cellsbased on their product-secretion profile. The invention satisfies thisneed and provides related advantages as well.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides methods for purifying one or more cells. In oneembodiment, the method involves (a) contacting a plurality of cellsimmobilized in proximity to a capture matrix, the capture matrix capableof localizing a product secreted by one or more of the cells, with anagent that selectively binds to the product, the agent capable ofgenerating a signal detectable as a property of light; (b) illuminatinga population of the cells, the population contained in a frame; (c)detecting two or more properties of light directed from the frame,wherein a first property of light identifies substantially all cells ofthe population, and the second property of light identifies productlocalized to the capture matrix; (d) locating (i) substantially allcells of the population with reference to the detected first property oflight, and (ii) one or more selected cells with reference to thedetected second property of light, and (e) irradiating the non-selectedcells, wherein each non-selected cell receives a substantially lethaldose of radiation, whereby one or more cells having a desired productsecretion profile are purified.

The invention provides another method for purifying one or more cells.The method involves (a) illuminating a population of cells in a frame,wherein the illuminated cells are contained in a plurality of cellsimmobilized in proximity to a capture matrix, the capture matrix capableof localizing a product secreted by one or more of the cells; (b)detecting two or more properties of light directed from the frame,wherein a first property of light identifies substantially all cells ofthe population, and a second property of light identifies productlocalized to the capture matrix; (c) locating (i) substantially allcells of the population with reference to the detected first property oflight, and (ii) one or more selected cells with reference to thedetected second property of light, and (d) irradiating the non-selectedcells, wherein each non-selected cell receives a substantially lethaldose of radiation, whereby one or more cells having a desired productsecretion profile are purified.

The invention provides a further method for purifying one or more cells.The method involves (a) illuminating a population of cells in a frame,wherein the illuminated cells are contained in a plurality of cellsimmobilized in proximity to a capture matrix, the capture matrix capableof localizing a product secreted by one or more of the cells; (b)detecting at least one property of light directed from the frame,wherein a property of light identifies product localized to the capturematrix; (c) locating (i) one or more selected cells with reference tothe detected property of light, and (ii) one or more domains in theframe, each domain corresponding to an area occupied by at least oneselected cell, wherein the one or more domains are located withreference to the detected property of light; and (d) irradiating thenon-domain area contained in the frame, wherein substantially all cellspresent within the non-domain area receive a substantially lethal doseof radiation, whereby one or more cells having a desired productsecretion profile are purified.

An additional method for purifying one or more cells provided by theinvention involves (a) contacting a plurality of cells immobilized inproximity to a capture matrix, the capture matrix capable of localizinga product secreted by one or more of the cells, with an agent thatselectively binds to the product, the agent capable of generating asignal detectable as a property of light; (b) illuminating a populationof the cells, the population contained in a frame; (c) detecting atleast one property of light directed from the frame, wherein a propertyof light identifies product localized to the capture matrix; (d)locating (i) one or more selected cells with reference to the detectedproperty of light, and (ii) one or more domains in the frame, eachdomain corresponding to an area occupied by at least one selected cell,wherein the one or more domains are located with reference to thedetected property of light, and (e) irradiating the non-domain areacontained in the frame, wherein each cell present within the non-domainarea receives a substantially lethal dose of radiation, whereby one ormore cells having a desired product secretion profile are purified.

The methods of the invention can be used, for example, to purify a cellthat secretes a polypeptide. Non-limiting examples of polypeptides thatcan be secreted by a purified cell include an antibody, an antibodyfragment, a cytokine, a growth factor, an enzyme, a hormone, aneurotransmitter, a signaling molecule, and a therapeutic protein. Thecapture matrix employed in a method of the invention can include, forexample, Protein G, Protein A, an antibody, an antibody fragment, anaptamer, or a ligand for the product.

A method of the invention for purifying one or more cells canadditionally involve illuminating a further population of the cells, thefurther population contained in a further frame, and repeating thedetecting, locating and irradiating steps. This sequence can be repeateduntil substantially all of the non-selected cells in the plurality ofcells receive a substantially lethal dose of radiation, if desired.

The one or more cells purified using a method of the invention can be,for example, cells that produce a desired amount of product relative toother cells of the population. Such a desired amount of product can be ahigh or low level of product secretion relative to other cells of thepopulation. In addition, a method of the invention can be used to purifya cell that lacks secretion of a product.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows in situ localization and detection of secreted antibody(red) in proximity to immobilized hybridoma cells (green) (A). Alsoshown is the selection of cells based on the level of antibody secretionfrom individual hybridoma cells, ranging from (1) high, (2) moderate,(3) low, and (4) undetectable.

FIG. 2 shows in situ localization and detection of secreted antibody,and the locating of domains corresponding to areas occupied by selectedcells.

FIG. 3 shows proliferation of a selected and purified cell.

FIG. 4 shows antibody secretion rates (pg/day) from a parental hybridomacell line (Parental) and three clonal populations that were obtainedfrom cells purified based on product secretion (Clone 1, Clone 2 andClone 3).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to methods for purifying cells thathave a desired product secretion profile based on in situ capture anddetection of the secreted product and elimination of unwanted cells viatreatment with a substantially lethal dose of radiation. The methods ofthe invention can be used, for example, to purify one or more cells thatsecrete a product at a high level, intermediate level or low level, orto purify one or more cells that lack detectable secretion of theproduct.

In one embodiment, the method for purifying one or more cells involvesselecting cells from among the cells of a population in which somemembers are expected to secrete one or more particular products, andtargeting the remaining cells individually for elimination by asubstantially lethal dose of radiation. To practice the method, acapture matrix is used to localize the secreted product in the vicinityof each secreting cell of an immobilized population of cells. As such,each cell in proximity to the capture matrix can be characterized by thepresence of surrounding captured product. To determine the presence ofsecreted product in the vicinity of a cell, an agent that selectivelybinds to the product is contacted with the capture matrix, and a signalgenerated by the agent is detected. The signal generated is a propertyof light that corresponds to the secreted product. Another property oflight is used to identify substantially all cells of the population.

Because the cells are immobilized and product secreted by a cell isretained in the vicinity of the secreting cell by the capture matrix,the property of light corresponding to the secreted product is generallyapparent as a circle or halo surrounding the secreting cell.Product-secreting cells are then selected, depending upon the desiredamount of product secretion; alternatively, cells can be selected thatlack a detectable amount of product secretion. Once desired cells areselected, non-selected cells of the population are irradiated with asubstantially lethal dose of radiation. By eliminating the unwantedcells, one or more desired cells are purified. This procedure isperformed on a population of cells contained in a frame, which is theportion of the sample captured in an image. This procedure can berepeated for additional populations of cells contained in furtherframes, for example, until every frame has been processed and allunwanted cells have been treated with a substantially lethal dose ofradiation. The remaining one or more cells represent selected cellshaving a desired product secretion profile. Furthermore, such remainingselected cells can be allowed to proliferate, if desired.

In another embodiment, the method for purifying one or more cellsinvolves purifying the desired cells without specific knowledge of thelocation of unwanted cells. In this method, the selected cells arelocated with reference to a detected property of light corresponding tothe captured product, and one or more domains corresponding to areasoccupied by at least one selected cell are determined. Unwanted cells,which are present in the non-domain area, are treated with asubstantially lethal dose of radiation and are thereby eliminated.

Using the methods of the invention, cells can be purified based on thelevel or rate of secretion of a product. For example, when it is desiredto obtain one or more cells that have a high level or rate of secretionof the product relative to other cells of the population, cells otherthan the selected high secretors can be eliminated. Alternatively, themethods of the invention can be used, for example, to obtain one or morecells that have an intermediate level or rate of secretion of theproduct relative to other cells of the population; to obtain one or morecells that have a low level or rate of secretion of the product relativeto other cells of the population, and to obtain one or more cells thathave a minimal or undetectable level or rate of secretion of the productrelative to other cells of the population. Moreover, cells can bepurified based on the level or rate of secretion of more than oneproduct secreted by the cell, as well as based on a ratio of the levelor rate of secretion of two or more products secreted by the cell.

The number of cells purified from a particular sample being treatedusing a method of the invention will depend upon application of themethod. For example, if a clonal population of cells is desired, themethods of the invention can be used to eliminate all but one selectedcell. The selected cell can then be allowed to proliferate to obtain aclonal population. Alternatively, the methods can be used to purify twoor more cells.

The methods of the invention can be used, for example, to purify one ormore cells that have a low cloning efficiency, such as primary cells. Asan example, a desired cell can be selected, and then all but 10, 20, 50,or more other cells can be eliminated. The temporarily spared cells canbe located near or far from the desired cell to serve as helper cellsthat provide medium conditioning for the desired cell. As the desiredcell grows and creates a clonal population that can be sustained on itsown, the helper cells and their progeny can be eliminated from the wellat a later time.

As used herein, the term “product” means a substance produced by a celland released from its plasma membrane such that the product can existapart from the cell and therefore can be localized to a capture matrix.A product secreted by a cell used in a method of the invention caninclude, for example, a non-polypeptide compound or a polypeptide.Non-limiting examples of a non-polypeptide compound include an ion andorganic molecule, such as a hormone, signaling molecule, orneurotransmitter. Non-limiting examples of a polypeptide include anantibody or fragment thereof; a polypeptide that functions as asignaling molecule, such as a cytokine, growth factor, hormone orneurotransmitter, and an enzyme. Therefore, the methods of the inventioncan be used to purify a cell that secretes one or more of a variety ofuseful polypeptides, such as a therapeutic protein. As used herein, theterm “antibody” includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, aswell as antigen binding fragments of such antibodies (for example, Fab,F(ab′)2, Fd and Fv fragments and the like). In addition, the term“antibody” is intended to encompass non-naturally occurring antibodies,including, for example, single chain antibodies, chimeric antibodies,bifunctional antibodies, CDR-grafted antibodies and humanizedantibodies, as well as antigen-binding fragments thereof.

A product secreted by a cell used in a method of the invention canimpart a property of light or can be bound by an agent that imparts aproperty of light. A product that imparts a property of light can benaturally-occurring, such as a naturally-occurring luminescent orfluorescent molecule, or can be genetically engineered, such as arecombinantly expressed luminescent or fluorescent protein (for example,green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a GFP variant, or a fusion proteincontaining a luminescent or fluorescent moiety).

As used herein, the term “product secretion profile” means the level oramount of one or more products secreted by a cell. The amount of aproduct secreted by a cell is generally assessed relative to other cellsof the population in the frame, or relative to other cells of theplurality. The amount of a product secreted by a cell can be determinedqualitatively or quantitatively, depending on the sensitivity desiredfor a particular application of the method. A product secretion profilecan refer to the amount of secretion of one product or more than oneproduct, such as two or more products, three or more products and fouror more products. An exemplary expression of a product secretion profilefor more than one product is a ratio representing the amounts of two ormore different products. As is described herein below, the amount of aproduct secreted by a cell can include an undetectable level of product.

The “cells” used in a method of the invention can be any biologicalcells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which can benaturally-occurring or genetically engineered cells. Exemplary celltypes include animal cells, such as cells from human, non-humanprimates, rats and mice; plant cells; yeast cells; insect cells, andbacteria cells. Naturally-occurring cells can be obtained from anorganism, and if desired, can be adapted to tissue culture prior to usein the methods of the invention. Genetically engineered cells can beprepared using routine laboratory methods, described, for example, instandard molecular biology technical manuals, such as Sambrook et al.,Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,New York (1992) and Ansubel et al., Current Protocols in MolecularBiology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1998). Examples of cellscommonly used to recombinantly express proteins include cell lines suchas COS, CHO, HeLa, NIH3T3, HEK 293-T and PC12; insect cells (forexample, Drosophila); yeast cells (for example, S. cerevisiae, S. pombe,and Pichia pastoris) and prokaryotic cells (for example, E. coli.)

The methods of the invention for purifying one or more cells involve useof cells that are immobilized in proximity to a capture matrix. As usedherein, the term “capture matrix” means a substance capable ofsequestering or binding a secreted product in the vicinity of thesecreting cell. The capture matrix can be coated, adhered, or otherwisepresent on a variety of surfaces, which can include slides, plates,wells, tubes, vessels, arrays, particles and other configurations ofmatter that provide a surface or three-dimensional space that cancontain cells.

A capture matrix can localize a product secreted by a cell byselectively binding or non-selectively sequestering the product. Aproduct can be selectively bound, for example, by interacting with aspecific binding partner that “captures” the product, the specificbinding partner being linked to or associated with the “matrix.” Aproduct can be sequestered non-selectively, for example, by interactingwith a non-specific binding partner that is linked to or associated withthe matrix, and by physical containment within the vicinity of thesecreting cell by the matrix.

A capture matrix useful in the invention can include a variety ofstationary substances, including, for example, gels, resins, packedbeads, membranes and the like. A capture matrix can comprise a varietyof materials, with non-limiting examples of such materials being opticalglass, silica, agarose, agar, gelatin, methylcellulose and polymers suchas polyacrylamide, polystyrene, and nylon. The stationary substance canbe selected to have a pore size that allows sequestering of secretedproduct in the vicinity of the cell, if desired. The stationarysubstance also can be selected to have a reactive surface that allowslinking of one or more product binding partners and/or cell bindingpartners. The stationary substance further can be selected to allowembedding or penetration of binding partners into the matrix.

The stationary substance optionally can be linked to a specific bindingpartner for the secreted product, which can be any molecule thatinteracts with the product but does not substantially interact withunrelated molecules, or a non-specific binding partner for the secretedproduct, which can be any molecule that interacts with the product. Anon-limiting example of a product and corresponding specific bindingpartner is an antibody and antigen; a non-limiting example or a productand corresponding non-specific binding partner is an antibody andProtein A or G. Exemplary binding partners for a secreted product thatcan be contained in a capture matrix therefore include an antibody orantibody fragment, a product-binding nucleic acid molecule such as anaptamer, a ligand, receptor or substrate for the product, Protein A,Protein G, a mixture of Proteins A and G, and the like. The stationarysubstance further can be linked to a molecule that binds to a cell. Themolecule that binds to the cell can bind selectively or non-selectively.Non-limiting examples of molecules useful for binding cells include anantibody and a substrate for a cell surface receptor, such aspolylysine, fibronectin, collagen and the like.

As used herein the phrase “immobilized in proximity to” when used inreference to the location of cells with respect to the capture matrix,means that the cells are located on, within or are closely associatedwith the capture matrix such that a detectable amount of productsecreted by the immobilized cell remains in the vicinity of the cell. Acell can be immobilized in proximity to a capture matrix, for example,by adhering to the capture matrix in a non-specific manner and bybinding to one or more components of the capture matrix in a specificmanner. If desired, a cell can be genetically engineered to express amolecule that binds to a component of the capture matrix, or can belabeled with such a molecule. For example, a biotinylated cell will bindwith high affinity to an avidin molecule contained in or on the capturematrix.

The methods of the invention can employ an agent that selectively bindsto a secreted product. As used herein, the term “selective” when used inreference to an agent that binds to a secreted product means that theagent binds to the product without substantially cross-reacting withother molecules. The affinity of an agent that selectively binds to asecreted product will generally be greater than about 10⁻⁵ M and morepreferably greater than about 10⁻⁶ M. High affinity interactions can bepreferred, and will generally be greater than about 10⁻⁸ M to 10⁻⁹ M.Examples of agents that can selectively bind to a secreted productinclude an antibody or fragment thereof, a small organic compound,peptide, a nucleic acid molecule or protein-nucleic acid molecule or aderivative thereof that has been determined to bind the secreted productwithout substantial cross reactivity with unrelated molecules.Non-limiting specific examples of agents that bind selectively to asecreted product include a polyclonal antibody selective for theproduct, a monoclonal antibody selective for the product, aprotein-nucleic acid molecule selective for the product, anoligonucleotide, such as an aptamer, selective for the product; asubstrate for the product and a ligand of the product.

In the methods of the invention, an agent that selectively binds to theproduct is capable of generating a signal detectable as a property oflight. Such a signal can be, for example, light of a particularwavelength, fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence polarization,fluorescence absorption, fluorescence emission, or FRET of a moietyintegral to the agent, attached covalently or non-covalently to theagent, or contained within or on the agent. Exemplary fluorescent andchromogenic moieties include AlexaFluor Dyes, BODIPY fluorophores,fluorescein, Oregon Green, eosins and erythrosins, Rhodamine Green,tetramethylrhodamine, Lissamine Rhodamine B and Rhodamine Red-X Dyes,Cascade Blue dye, coumarin derivatives, and naphthalenes, includingdansyl chloride.

In one embodiment, a property of light is used to identify substantiallyall cells of the population. As used herein in reference to identifyingcells, the term “substantially all cells” means every cell of thepopulation detected within the limits of the optical system employed.Therefore, it is understood that cells at particular locations, such ason the margin of the frame or field-of-view, or cells having a shapeuncharacteristic of the cell type being used, such as cells that areuncharacteristically flat or small, can be undetectable.

A property of light associated with substantially all cells of apopulation can be imparted by the cells themselves, such as brightfieldor darkfield light microscopy transmission, by a component of the cells,or by a reagent that binds to the cells. A component of a cell thatimparts a property of light can be naturally-occurring, such as anaturally-occurring luminescent or fluorescent molecule, or can begenetically engineered, such as a recombinantly expressed luminescent orfluorescent protein (for example, green fluorescent protein (GFP) or aGFP variant). A variety of reagents that bind to cells and generate aproperty of light are well known in the art and include, for example,labeled antibodies; organic molecules; vesicles; monolayer andmultilayer assemblies; quantum dots, and other microscopic particleshaving incorporated dyes that generate a property of light. Exemplaryreagents that generate a property of light include CELL TRACKER blue,CELL TRACKER yellow-green, CELL TRACKER orange, CELL TRACKER green,Calcein AM (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.), PKH fluorescent linkerdyes (Sigma) and Qdot nanocrystals (Quantum Dot Corporation). A propertyof light associated with substantially all cells of a population cancorrespond, for example, to the cell surface or a portion thereof, thecytoplasm or a portion thereof, or an organelle, such as the nucleus. Ifdesired, a reagent can be used to assess the viability of cells of thepopulation, for example, by differentiating between living and deadcells. Reagents useful for identifying nonviable cells are well known tothose skilled in the art and include, for example, SYTOX Blue (MolecularProbes, Eugene, Oreg.).

The methods of the invention involve treating unwanted cells with asubstantially lethal dose of radiation. As used herein, the terms“substantially lethal” when used in reference to a radiation dose meansthat the amount of radiation received by the cell is sufficient todamage the cell to the extent that cell death occurs. The cell deathprocess can occur immediately upon treatment, or minutes, hours or evendays after treatment; the length of the useful period of time over whichdeath occurs will depend upon the particular needs of the application.It is understood that a particularly resilient cell can remain viableafter receiving a dose of radiation effective for causing death of aparticular cell type. A substantially lethal dose of radiation can causedeath of at least 97% of treated cells, including 98% of treated cells,99% of treated cells and 100% of treated cells.

An advantage of the methods of the invention for purifying one or morecells is that the one or more cells can be selected and purified basedon their product secretion profile without any need to use chemicalselection or to detach and transfer a selected cell to a differentvessel during the purification. A general overview of a method usefulfor purifying a selected cell is as follows. Cells are plated on acapture matrix present on or in a sample container such as a multi-wellplate, and are allowed to secrete a protein product. The proteinproduct, if secreted, binds to or is localized by the capture matrix.Secreted product is then detected based on a property of lightassociated with the product or a property of light associated with anagent bound to the product. As such, the product detection process caninvolve contacting the secreted product with an agent that selectivelybinds to the product, with excess reagent being removed from the sampleif required, to obtain an acceptable signal over background. The cellswith the desired product secretion profile are then selected based on asignal corresponding to the property of light. Once the desired cellsare selected, the remaining cells are eliminated. The elimination ofunwanted cells can be performed by substantially lethal irradiation ofthe cells individually or en masse. A selected cell once purified isallowed to proliferate for several days. Any non-selected cells thatsurvive radiation treatment can be removed by repeating thesubstantially lethal irradiation, if necessary. The colony resultingfrom proliferation of the selected cell is then transferred to a culturedish, and product secretion is confirmed. In this manner, a clonalpopulation of cells with a desirable product secretion profile can beobtained.

A method of the invention can be used to purify one or more cells thatlack detectable secretion of an undesirable product. A general overviewof a method useful for purifying such cells is as follows. Cells areplated on a capture matrix present on or in a sample container such as amulti-well plate, and are allowed to secrete a product. All cells of thepopulation are identified based on a first property of light associatedwith all cells, and secreted product is detected based on a secondproperty of light associated with the product or an agent bound to theproduct. Cells lacking detectable secretion of the product are thenselected by identifying a cell having an undetectable signalcorresponding to secreted product. Once the desired non-secreting cellsare selected, the remaining cells are eliminated. The elimination ofunwanted cells can be performed by substantially lethal irradiation ofthe cells individually or en masse. The selected non-secreting cell oncepurified can be allowed to proliferate for several days. Anynon-selected cells that survive the radiation treatment can be removedby repeating the substantially lethal irradiation, if necessary. Thecolony resulting from proliferation of the selected cell is thentransferred to a culture dish, and lack of product secretion isconfirmed. In this manner, a clonal population of cells that lackdetectable secretion of a product can be obtained.

In one embodiment, the method for purifying one or more cells involves(a) contacting a plurality of cells immobilized in proximity to acapture matrix, the capture matrix capable of localizing a productsecreted by one or more of the cells, with an agent that selectivelybinds to the product, the agent capable of generating a signaldetectable as a property of light; (b) illuminating a population of thecells, the population contained in a frame; (c) detecting two or moreproperties of light directed from the frame, wherein a first property oflight identifies substantially all cells of the population, and thesecond property of light identifies product localized to the capturematrix; (d) locating (i) substantially all cells of the population withreference to the detected first property of light, and (ii) one or moreselected cells with reference to the detected second property of light,and (e) irradiating the non-selected cells, wherein each non-selectedcell receives a substantially lethal dose of radiation, whereby one ormore cells having a desired product secretion profile are purified. Themethod can further involve the step of (f) illuminating a furtherpopulation of the cells, the further population contained in a furtherframe, and repeating steps (c) through (e).

In another embodiment, the method involves (a) illuminating a populationof cells in a frame, wherein the illuminated cells are contained in aplurality of cells immobilized in proximity to a capture matrix, thecapture matrix capable of localizing a product secreted by one or moreof the cells; (b) detecting two or more properties of light directedfrom the frame, wherein a first property of light identifiessubstantially all cells of the population, and a second property oflight identifies product localized to the capture matrix; (c) locating(i) substantially all cells of the population with reference to thedetected first property of light, and (ii) one or more selected cellswith reference to the detected second property of light, and (d)irradiating the non-selected cells, wherein each non-selected cellreceives a substantially lethal dose of radiation, whereby one or morecells having a desired product secretion profile are purified.

The invention provides an additional method for purifying one or morecells. The method involves (a) illuminating a population of cells in aframe, wherein the illuminated cells are contained in a plurality ofcells immobilized in proximity to a capture matrix, the capture matrixcapable of localizing a product secreted by one or more of the cells;(b) detecting at least one property of light directed from the frame,wherein a property of light identifies product localized to the capturematrix; (c) locating (i) one or more selected cells with reference tothe detected property of light, and (ii) one or more domains in theframe, each domain corresponding to an area occupied by at least oneselected cell, wherein the one or more domains are located withreference to the detected property of light; (d) irradiating thenon-domain area contained in the frame, wherein substantially all cellspresent within the non-domain area receive a substantially lethal doseof radiation, whereby one or more cells having a desired productsecretion profile are purified. The method can further involve the stepof (e) illuminating a further population of the cells, the furtherpopulation contained in a further frame, and repeating steps (b) through(d).

An additional method for purifying one or more cells provided by theinvention involves (a) contacting a plurality-of cells immobilized inproximity to a capture matrix, the capture matrix capable of localizinga product secreted by one or more of the cells, with an agent thatselectively binds to the product, the agent capable of generating asignal detectable as a property of light; (b) illuminating a populationof the cells, the population contained in a frame; (c) detecting atleast one property of light directed from the frame, wherein a propertyof light identifies product localized to the capture matrix; (d)locating (i) one or more selected cells with reference to the detectedproperty of light, and (ii) one or more domains in the frame, eachdomain corresponding to an area occupied by at least one selected cell,wherein the one or more domains are located with reference to thedetected property of light, and (e) irradiating the non-domain areacontained in the frame, wherein each cell present within the non-domainarea receives a substantially lethal dose of radiation, whereby one ormore cells having a desired product secretion profile are purified. Themethod can further involve the step of (f) illuminating a furtherpopulation of the cells, the further population contained in a furtherframe, and repeating steps (c) through (e).

A method of the invention for purifying one or more selected cells canadditionally involve illuminating a yet further population of the cells,the population contained in a yet further frame, and repeating thedetecting, locating and irradiating steps. This sequence can be repeateduntil substantially all of the non-selected cells in the plurality ofcells receive a substantially lethal dose of radiation, if desired. Inthis manner, a single selected cell can be purified. Alternatively, agroup of cells can be purified. The purified one or more selected cellscan be allowed to proliferate in order to obtain a clonal cellpopulation in the case of one selected cell, or a mixed cell populationin the case of more than one selected cell.

In a method of the invention for purifying one or more selected cells,the one or more cells can be selected based on their secretion of adesired product; lack of secretion of an undesired product; level orrate of secretion of the product; or secretion of more than one product.Therefore, in an embodiment, the one or more cells selected whenpracticing a method of the invention can be identified with reference toa signal value corresponding to an amount of product localized to thecapture matrix. The signal value can be determined for an areaconsistent with the area of the captured secreted product. As such, thearea originating the signal value can be determined based on a propertyof light corresponding to the secreted product. The intensity of theproperty of light emanating from the area originating the signal valuecan be assessed using a variety of well known methods, including thosedescribed below. Using the integrated area and intensity measurements, aqualitative or quantitative measure of level of secreted product can begenerated for each cell. To select a cell that secretes a desired levelof product, the signal value corresponding to the amount of productsecreted by the cell can be compared to the signal values for the cellsof the population in the frame or the plurality of cells being treated.

A signal value corresponding to a level of captured product can beassessed, for example, by (a) identifying the boundary of a cell bydetecting a property of light corresponding to the cell to determine theinner boundary of the captured product area, (b) refining the cellboundary, such as by determining a contour 2-4 pixels inner to the cellboundary, and (c) determining the outer boundary of the captured productarea based on a property of light corresponding to the captured productor by moving out from the cell boundary by a fixed number of pixels.Following erode algorithms and digital dilation, the area of thecaptured cellular product can be characterized.

If desired, two or more signal values corresponding to levels of two ormore different captured products potentially secreted by a particularcell can be assessed. This application of the method can be used topurify one or more cells that have desired secretion characteristics oftwo or more products, such as high, intermediate or low level of productsecretion as well as no detectable product secretion. For example, oneor more cells can be selected to have a high level of secretion of twoor more products; a high level of secretion of one product and a lowlevel of secretion of another; a high level of secretion of one productand no detectable secretion of another, and other permutations of levelsof secretion. The desired secretion characteristics will depend on theparticular use of the cells. For example, a method of the invention canbe used to obtain one or more cells that secrete high levels or havesimilar levels of secretion of two polypeptides that are subunits of anenzyme, or one or more cells that secrete a high level of a cytokine andhave no detectable secretion of a protease that degrades the cytokine.

The methods of the invention for purifying one or more selected cellscan involve illuminating a population of cells. The cells can be“illuminated” by any source that can provide light energy, including alaser and an arc lamp. It is generally known that many devices could beused in this manner to illuminate the specimen, including, but notlimited to, an arc lamp (for example, mercury, xenon, etc.) with orwithout filters, a light-emitting diode (LED), lasers and the like. Alaser for use as an illumination source can be selected, for example, tohave high intensity, relatively efficient use of energy, compact size,and minimal heat generation. The light energy can be of any wavelength,such as visible, ultraviolet and infrared light. The light can then bedirected by any conventional means, such as mirrors, lenses andbeam-splitters, to the population of cells.

Upon illumination, the cells can be observed in a “frame.” As usedherein, the term “frame,” when used in reference to cells illuminated ina method of the invention, means the portion of the plurality of cellsthat is captured within one frame image captured by the camera. A framecan be contained in a field-of-view, which is the area that is visiblethrough the lens of an apparatus useful for carrying out a method of theinvention. A particularly useful frame can have an area of greater than1 mm², such as greater than 2 mm², greater than 4 mm², greater than 8m², greater than 16 mm², and greater than 32 mm². A particularly usefulfield-of-view can have an area of greater than 5 mm², such as greaterthan 10 mm², greater than 20 mm², greater than 40 mm², greater than 80mm², and greater than 160 mm².

When the frame is illuminated, one or more properties of light can thenbe detected from the frame. Non-limiting examples of the detectableproperties of light include light having visible, ultraviolet andinfrared wavelengths; the intensity of transmittance, reflectance, andfluorescence; linear and circular polarization, and phase-contrastillumination. These properties can be detected by conventional opticaldevices known to those skilled in the art, including those described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,642,018, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The methods of the invention can involve detecting more than oneproperty of light sequentially or simultaneously. In an embodiment, twodistinct detected properties of light correspond to the secreted productand the cells. Therefore, the moieties that generate the detectedproperties of light can be selected such that simultaneous detection ispossible. Those skilled in the art will know how to select appropriatemoieties that generate a detectable property of light, for example,based on the emission, absorption and hydrophobic/hydrophilic propertiesdesired, photostability and quantum yield of the moiety. When more thanone detectable moiety is used, the selected moiety can have similar oroverlapping excitation spectra but different emission spectra, such thatthe moieties are spectrally distinct. When differentiation between twoor more moieties is accomplished by visual inspection, the two or moremoieties generally have emission wavelengths of perceptibly differentcolors to enhance visual discrimination. When differentiation betweentwo or more moieties is accomplished by instrumentation, a variety offilters and diffraction gratings are commercially available to allow therespective emission maxima to be independently detected. When two ormore moieties are selected that possess relatively small differences inemission maxima, instrumental discrimination can be enhanced by ensuringthat the emission spectra of the two or more moieties have similarintegrated amplitudes and similar emission peak widths and that theinstrumental system's optical throughput will be equivalent across theemission peak widths of the respective two dyes. Examples of usefulcombinations of detectable moieties include CELL TRACKER green (used forstaining cells) with ALEXA FLUOR 532 or Phycoerythrin (used fordetecting secreted product), and CELL TRACKER orange (used for stainingcells) with Oregon Green or ALEXA FLUOR 488 (used for detecting secretedproduct).

The methods of the invention for purifying one or more selected cellsinvolve irradiating non-selected ceils with a substantially lethal doseof radiation. The energy beam from the treatment laser is of awavelength and energy that is useful for achieving immediate or eventualdeath of the targeted cell. A variety of laser-tissue interactions areknown to occur, depending upon the nature of the tissue (for example,light absorbance) and parameters of the laser beam including wavelengthand power density, the latter being a function of energy and time ofexposure (that is, pulse duration). Photomechanical mechanisms areinduced by high power densities (>10¹⁰ W/cm²) with short laser pulses(<1 ns) (Niemz, M. H., Laser-tissue interactions: Fundamentals andapplications Berlin: Springer-Verlag (1996)). Photomechanical effectsare mediated by breaking of molecular bonds by high-energy photons andformation of ionizing plasma without thermal damage, and are used inmedical applications such as corneal and dental surgery. In contrast,photothermal effects are induced when tissue exhibits high lightabsorption resulting in heat generation. Light absorption by biologicaltissues is greatest in the infrared (IR) spectrum due to absorption bywater. Absorption in the UV and visible spectrum is 5-7 orders ofmagnitude lower than in IR, such that photothermal effects are difficultto achieve unless mid-IR lasers (for example, Er:YAG at 2940 nm) areused. Such IR lasers are used in medical applications includinglaser-induced interstitial thermotherapy, but are not well-suited formicroscopic applications due to poor transmission by microscope opticsand inability to focus to small beam diameters. Photothermal effects caninstead be achieved by adding a chromophore to increase absorption atthe laser wavelength. In any case, photothermal effects are determinedby the temperature achieved in the tissue and the duration of exposure(Niemz, M. H., Laser-tissue interactions: Fundamentals and applicationsBerlin: Springer-Verlag (1996)). Induction of necrosis due todenaturation and coagulation of proteins is first observed at 60° C.,and further heating to 80° C. results in cell membrane permeabilization.Finally, photochemical effects, observed mainly in the UV spectrum wherebiological molecules (that is, proteins, nucleic acids, porphyrins)strongly absorb, result in various forms of tissue damage and can beused to induce apoptosis in targeted cells.

The photothermal mechanism can be implemented by addition of a non-toxiclight-absorbing dye (Allura Red). A 10 ns pulsed 523 nm Nd:YLF laser(Spectra-Physics) is focused to a ˜5-20 μm diameter spot and then firedat each non-selected cell. Using 4 mg/ml of Allura Red, the LD₅₀ was9×10⁷ W/cm², and substantially all target cells were killed at powerdensities greater than or equal to 2×10⁸ W/cm². Photochemical cellelimination can be implemented with a 0.5 ns pulsed laser at 355 nm (JDSUniphase) focused to a ˜5-20 μm diameter spot. The LD₅₀ was 2.6×10⁹W/cm², and substantially all target cells were killed at ≧10¹⁰ W/cm²,principally via induction of apoptosis over a 4-24 hour period. Forphotomechanical cell elimination, a short-pulsed (0.5 ns) 532 nm laser(JDS Uniphase) was focused down to ˜5-20 μm in diameter. The LD₅₀ was2.2×10¹⁰ W/cm², and at power densities ≧8×10¹⁰ W/cm², substantially allof the target cells were eliminated resulting in immediate cell lysis.

Particularly useful in the methods of the invention for purifying one ormore selected cells are lasers capable of delivering a dose of radiationhaving an energy density selected from the group of greater than 0.1J/cm², greater than 0.3 J/cm², greater than 1 J/cm², greater than 3J/cm², greater than 10 J/cm², greater than 30 J/cm², and greater than100 J/cm². Also useful are lasers capable of delivering a dose ofradiation having an irradiance selected from the group of greater than10⁷ W/cm², greater than 10⁸ W/cm², greater than 10⁹ W/cm², greater than1¹⁰ W/cm², and greater than 10¹¹ W/cm²; as used herein, the termirradiance means power per area, and is often expressed in units ofwatts per square centimeter. Further useful are lasers that deliverradiation having a wavelength selected from the group of between 200 and400 nm, between 400 and 760 nm, and between 760 and 3000 nm.

The substantially lethal dose of radiation can be delivered to a cell ina variety of modes, including but not limited to a single short pulse ofradiation, multiple short pulses of radiation, and a single pulse ofradiation having a long duration. The short pulse of radiation can havea duration of less than 1 second, less than 1 millisecond, less than 1microsecond, less than 1 nanosecond, less than 1 picosecond, and lessthan 1 femtosecond. Herein, a pulse having duration greater than 1second is considered to have a long duration.

One skilled in the art would recognize that mechanisms other than thoseabove can be used to eliminate a cell in the methods of the invention.For example, death can be induced in the cells by irradiation thatresults in release or activation of a toxin in the cell, as commonlyused in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In particular, photochemicalreactions and uncaging of compounds via the energy beam can be used tocontrol the release of a toxin to eliminate non-selected cells.

Two or more steps of a method of the invention for purifying one or moreselected cells can be automated as is described, for example in U.S.Pat. No. 6,642,018, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The methods of the invention for purifying one or more selected cellscan involve one or more re-processing steps. For example, if undesiredcells remain after irradiation of the non-selected cells, the populationof cells can be re-processed.

It is understood that modifications which do not substantially affectthe activity of the various embodiments of this invention are alsoincluded within the definition of the invention provided herein.Accordingly, the following examples are intended to illustrate but notlimit the present invention.

EXAMPLE I Detection of Individual Cell Product Secretion Based onDetection of Two Properties of Light

This example describes the capture and detection of antibody secreted byindividual hybridoma cells immobilized in proximity to a capture matrix,with identification of substantially all cells, followed by selection ofcells with a desired product secretion profile, ranging from zero (i.e.,below the level of detection) to high levels.

UV cross-linking of a 384 well plate (Greiner) was induced by exposureto UV light using the Alpha Imager MultiImage Light Cabinet (AlphaInnotech, San Leandro, Calif.) for 20 minutes on the high (EPI UV)setting. Plates were then rinsed in HBSS (Invitrogen Corporation,Carlsbad, Calif.) to remove debris. Blocking was routinely used betweensteps, utilizing BSA fraction V (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad,Calif.) for proteins, heat inactivated horse serum (Sigma-Aldrich Co.,St. Louis, Mo.) for staining buffers, and heat inactivated FBS (ATCC,Manassas, Va.) for hybridoma cell treatments. Protein G was added toeach well (1.0 to 10 μg) in PBS with 0.1% BSA (Invitrogen Corporation,Carlsbad, Calif.). Wells were allowed to dry, and were then washed withRPMI (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Ability of the capturematrix, which contained protein G, to localize IgG antibody was verifiedby measuring fluorescence after adding PE-conjugated goat-anti-mouse IgG(Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) and performing repetitive washings andcompetitions with non-labeled anti-mouse controls (Molecular Probes,Eugene, Oreg.). Hybridoma cells (172-12A4; ATCC, Manassas, Va.),producing an anti-v-erbB IgG, were added at 200 cells per well in RPMIwith 10% FBS. Plates were incubated at 37° C. for 48 hours to allow IgGproduction and secretion. The capture matrix immobilized the cells,keeping each cell in proximity to its secreted products during theincubation and subsequent steps. To detect the produced antibody, anagent, comprising an 11 amino acid peptide corresponding to residues 138to 149 of the human EGF receptor (IMVKCWMIDAD) was biotinylated(Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) and added to wells at 3nanomoles per well for an overnight incubation at 37° C. allowing forselective binding to the produced IgG. The agent further comprisedstreptavidin-AlexaFluor-532 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.), which wasadded at 1 μg per well. cells were also contacted with a reagentcomprising Syto13 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) that bound tosubstantially all of the cells. After incubation for at least an hour atroom temperature, wells were washed with HBSS with 2.5% horse serumuntil background was insignificant (about 8 to 10 times). A populationof cells was then illuminated with 485 nm and 532 nm light forexcitation of Styo13 and AlexaFluor-532, respectively. Fluorescence wasdetected in a CCD camera behind 530 nm and 645 nm filters for Syto13 andAlexaFluor-532, respectively.

A pseudo-color representation of the resulting two-color fluorescence isshown in FIG. 1. Substantially all cells were located with reference togreen Syto13 fluorescence, and secreted product was identified withreference to red AlexaFluor-532 fluorescence. Note that the pseudo-colorimage displays red and green overlap as yellow. Manual selection ofcells with the desired secretion profile was easily performed using suchimages. Alternatively, automated image processing was used to determinea quantitative signal value for each cell based on the integrated redintensity in the annular region extending from the cell membrane toapproximately 10 μm out. Four representative cells are circled andnumbered in panel A, and shown magnified in the panels labeled 1 to 4.Panels 1 to 4 show the annular region within which the integrated redintensity was calculated. The signal value was 2907 for cell 1 (highsecretor), 1440 for cell 2 (moderate secretor), 141 for cell 3 (lowsecretor), and 1.1 for cell 4 (undetectable above background;essentially zero secretion). This manual or automated locating of allcells and selected is used to locate and irradiate non-selected cells,resulting in purification of one or more selected cells.

EXAMPLE II Detection of Individual Cell Product Secretion Based onDetection of One Property of Light

This example describes the capture and detection of antibody secreted byindividual hybridoma cells immobilized in proximity to a capture matrix,followed by selection of cells with low to high levels of productsecretion and locating of domain areas occupied by-the selected cells.

A capture matrix within 384 well plates was prepared as described inExample I. Hybridoma cells (172-12A4; ATCC, Manassas, Va.), producing ananti-v-erbB IgG, were added at 200 cells per well in RPMI with 10% FBS.Plates were incubated at 37° C. for 48 hours to allow IgG production andsecretion. The agent, as described in Example I, was added to the wellsto selectively bind to the produced IgG. After washing, a population ofcells was illuminated with 532 nm light for excitation ofAlexaFluor-532. Fluorescence was detected in a CCD camera behind a 645nm filter.

A representation of the resulting fluorescence image is shown in FIG. 2.Selected cells were identified with reference to the detectedfluorescence, and domains corresponding to areas occupied by one or moreselected cells were then located. The non-domain area was thenirradiated using a grid pattern of laser shots such that eachnon-selected cell within the non-domain area received a lethal dose.With a 20 μm laser beam diameter, a grid with 20 μm spacing betweencenter points results in lethal irradiation of each non-selected cell,regardless of its position in the non-domain area. The selected cells inthe domain areas are not irradiated and thus are spared, resulting inpurification of the selected cells.

EXAMPLE III Purification of Cells Based on Product Secretion

This example describes generation of three clonal hybridoma cell lines.

To select hybridoma cells, the capture matrix, cells, product-bindingagent, and methods were as described in Example I, except that thecell-binding agent used was CellTracker™ Orange (Molecular Probes,Eugene, Oreg.). Prior to illumination, Media 199 (InvitrogenCorporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) containing 4 mg/ml FD&C Red 40(Warner-Jenkinson Company, St. Louis, Mo.) was added in preparation forphoto-thermal laser-mediated cell purification. All cells were locatedby CellTracker Orange fluorescence, and selected cells were located byAlexaFluor 532 fluorescence in the area around each cell, as shown inFIG. 1. The single cell with the highest level of IgG production wasselected within each well, and each non-selected cell was irradiatedwith 10 J/cm² delivered from a 10 ns pulsed 523 nm semi-conductor laser(Spectra-Physics) using the apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No.6,534,308.

Medium was then added, and plates were incubated to allow the purifiedselected cell to proliferate within each well. After 48 hours, wellswere examined with a microscope. The signal from the product-bindingagent still remained visible and grew in size around the selected cell,verifying that it was viable and the only remaining cell in the well. Incases were more than one cell remained in the well, the irradiating stepwas repeated. As single clonal populations became evident in each well(FIG. 3), they were transferred to standard 96 well plates for furtherproliferation. After proliferation of each clone to about 2,500 cells,they were transferred to 24 well plates in 2 ml of medium.

Every 48 hours, 1 ml of medium was transferred to a tube and flashfrozen. Fresh medium was added to each well. This process was repeatedfor 5 cycles (that is, 10 days). At the end of the process, the aliquotswere thawed, combined, and 1 ml was purified using a Protein-A column(Hi-Trap; Amersham, Piscataway, N.J.). The purified protein was then runthrough PD-10 de-salting columns. The final product was characterized byELISA. The amount of antibody produced by selected clones is shown inFIG. 4. Note the significantly improved level of antibody secretion ineach selected clonal line as compared to the parental cell line.

Throughout this application various publications have been referencedwithin parentheses. The disclosures of these publications in theirentireties are hereby incorporated by reference in this application inorder to more fully describe the state of the art to which thisinvention pertains.

Although the invention has been described with reference to thedisclosed embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily appreciatethat the specific examples and studies detailed above are onlyillustrative of the invention. It should be understood that variousmodifications can be made without departing from the spirit of theinvention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the followingclaims.

1. A method for purifying one or more selected cells, comprising: (a)contacting a plurality of cells immobilized in proximity to a capturematrix, the capture matrix capable of localizing a product secreted byone or more of the cells, with an agent that selectively binds to theproduct, the agent capable of generating a signal detectable as aproperty of light; (b) illuminating a population of the cells, thepopulation contained in a frame; (c) detecting two or more properties oflight directed from the frame, wherein a first property of lightidentifies substantially all cells of the population, and the secondproperty of light identifies product localized to the capture matrix;(d) locating (i) substantially all cells of the population withreference to the detected first property of light, and (ii) one or moreselected cells with reference to the detected second property of light,and (e) irradiating the non-selected cells, wherein each non-selectedcell receives a substantially lethal dose of radiation, whereby one ormore selected cells having a desired product secretion profile arepurified.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the product is selected froma polypeptide, an antibody, an antibody fragment, a cytokine, a growthfactor, an enzyme, a hormone, a neurotransmitter, a signaling molecule,and a therapeutic protein.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the capturematrix comprises a substance selected from Protein G, Protein A, anantibody, an antibody fragment, an aptamer, and a ligand for theproduct.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the capture matrix comprisesa gel.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of (f)illuminating a further population of the cells, the further populationcontained in a further frame, and repeating steps (c) through (e). 6.The method of claim 1 or 5, wherein the one or more selected cells arecells that produce a high level of product relative to other cells ofthe population.
 7. The method of claim 1 or 5, wherein the one or moreselected cells are cells that produce a low level of product relative toother cells of the population.
 8. The method of claim 1 or 5, whereinthe one or more selected cells are cells that produce an undetectablelevel of product.
 9. The method of claim 5, further comprising repeatingstep (f) followed by steps (c) through (e) until substantially all ofthe non-selected cells in the plurality of cells receive a substantiallylethal dose of radiation.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one ormore selected cells are cells that produce a high level of productrelative to other cells of the plurality.
 11. The method of claim 9,wherein the one or more selected cells are cells that produce a lowlevel of product relative to other cells of the plurality.
 12. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the one or more selected cells are cells thatproduce an undetectable level of product.
 13. The method of claim 1,further comprising allowing the purified one or more selected cells toproliferate.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein steps (b) through (e)are automated.
 15. The method of any of claims 1, 5 or 9, wherein theframe is a portion of a field-of-view, the field-of-view having an areaselected from the group of greater than 5 mm², greater than 10 mm²,greater than 20 mm², greater than 40 mm², greater than 80 mm², andgreater than 160 mm².
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent thatselectively binds to the product is selected from an antibody, anantibody fragment, an aptamer, a substrate, and a ligand.
 17. The methodof claim 1, wherein the one or more selected cells are identified withreference to a signal value corresponding to an amount of productlocalized to the capture matrix in the vicinity of the one or moreselected cells.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the substantiallylethal dose of radiation is delivered to each non-selected cell in oneor more radiation pulses.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein thesubstantially lethal dose of radiation has an energy density selectedfrom the group of greater than 0.1 J/cm², greater than 0.3 J/cm²,greater than 1 J/cm², greater than 3 J/cm², greater than 10 J/cm²,greater than 30 J/cm², and greater than 100 J/cm².
 20. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the substantially lethal dose of radiation has anirradiance selected from the group of greater than 10⁷ W/cm², greaterthan 10⁸ W/cm², greater than 10⁹ W/cm², greater than 10¹⁰ W/cm², andgreater than 10¹¹ W/cm².
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein theradiation comprises an electromagnetic radiation having a wavelengthselected from the group of between 200 and 400 nm, between 400 and 760nm, and between 760 and 3000 nm.
 22. The method of claim 1, whereinprior to illumination, the plurality of cells is contacted with areagent that selectively binds to substantially all of the cells, thereagent capable of generating a signal detectable as a first property oflight.
 23. A method for purifying one or more selected cells,comprising: (a) illuminating a population of cells in a frame, whereinthe illuminated cells are contained in a plurality of cells immobilizedin proximity to a capture matrix, the capture matrix capable oflocalizing a product secreted by one or more of the cells; (b) detectingtwo or more properties of light directed from the frame, wherein a firstproperty of light identifies substantially all cells of the population,and a second property of light identifies product localized to thecapture matrix; (c) locating (i) substantially all cells of thepopulation with reference to the detected first property of light, and(ii) one or more selected cells with reference to the detected secondproperty of light, and (d) irradiating the non-selected cells, whereineach non-selected cell receives a substantially lethal dose ofradiation, whereby one or more selected cells having a desired productsecretion profile are purified.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein theproduct is selected from a polypeptide, an antibody, an antibodyfragment, a cytokine, a growth factor, an enzyme, a hormone, aneurotransmitter, a signaling molecule, and a therapeutic protein. 25.The method of claim 23, wherein the capture matrix comprises a substanceselected from Protein G, Protein A, an antibody, an antibody fragment,an aptamer, and a ligand for the product.
 26. The method of claim 23,wherein the capture matrix comprises a gel.
 27. The method of claim 23,further comprising the step of (e) illuminating a further population ofthe cells, the further population contained in a further frame, andrepeating steps (b) through (d).
 28. The method of claim 23 or 27,wherein the one or more selected cells are cells that produce a highlevel of product relative to other cells of the population.
 29. Themethod of claim 23 or 27, wherein the one or more selected cells arecells that produce a low level of product relative to other cells of thepopulation.
 30. The method of claim 23 or 27, wherein the one or moreselected cells are cells that produce an undetectable level of product.31. The method of claim 27, further comprising repeating step (e)followed by steps (b) through (d) until substantially all of thenon-selected cells in the plurality of cells receive a substantiallylethal dose of radiation.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the one ormore selected cells are cells that produce a high level of productrelative to other cells of the plurality.
 33. The method of claim 31,wherein the one or more selected cells are cells that produce a lowlevel of product relative to other cells of the plurality.
 34. Themethod of claim 31, wherein the one or more selected cells are cellsthat produce an undetectable level of product.
 35. The method of claim23, further comprising allowing the purified one or more selected cellsto proliferate.
 36. The method of claim 23, wherein steps (a) through(d) are automated.
 37. The method of any of claims 23, 27 or 31, whereinthe frame is a portion of a field-of-view, the field-of-view having anarea selected from the group of greater than 5 mm², greater than 10 mm²,greater than 20 mm², greater than 40 mm², greater than 80 mm², andgreater than 160 mm².
 38. The method of claim 23, wherein the one ormore selected cells are identified with reference to a signal valuecorresponding to an amount of product localized to the capture matrix inthe vicinity of the one or more selected cells.
 39. The method of claim23, wherein the substantially lethal dose of radiation is delivered toeach non-selected cell in one or more radiation pulses.
 40. The methodof claim 23, wherein the substantially lethal dose of radiation has anenergy density selected from the group of greater than 0.1 J/cm²,greater than 0.3 J/cm², greater than 1 J/cm², greater than 3 J/cm²,greater than 10 J/cm², greater than 30 J/cm², and greater than 100J/cm².
 41. The method of claim 23, wherein the substantially lethal doseof radiation has an irradiance selected from the group of greater than10⁷ W/cm², greater than 10⁸ W/cm², greater than 10⁹ W/cm², greater than10¹⁰ W/cm², and greater than 10¹¹ W/cm².
 42. The method of claim 23,wherein the radiation comprises an electromagnetic radiation having awavelength selected from the group of between 200 and 400 nm, between400 and 760 nm, and between 760 and 3000 nm.
 43. The method of claim 23,wherein prior to illuminating, the plurality of cells is contacted witha reagent that binds to substantially all of the cells, the reagentcapable of generating a signal detectable as a first property of light.44. A method for purifying one or more selected cells, comprising: (a)illuminating a population of cells in a frame, wherein the illuminatedcells are contained in a plurality of cells immobilized in proximity toa capture matrix, the capture matrix capable of localizing a productsecreted by one or more of the cells; (b) detecting at least oneproperty of light directed from the frame, wherein a property of lightidentifies product localized to the capture matrix; (c) locating (i) oneor more selected cells with reference to the detected property of light,and (ii) one or more domains in the frame, each domain corresponding toan area occupied by at least one selected cell, wherein the one or moredomains are located with reference to the detected property of light;(d) irradiating the non-domain area contained in the frame, whereinsubstantially all cells present within the non-domain area receive asubstantially lethal dose of radiation, whereby one or more selectedcells having a desired product secretion profile are purified.
 45. Themethod of claim 44, wherein the product is selected from a polypeptide,an antibody, an antibody fragment, a cytokine, a growth factor, anenzyme, a hormone, a neurotransmitter, a signaling molecule, and atherapeutic protein.
 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the capturematrix comprises a substance selected from Protein G, Protein A, anantibody, an antibody fragment, an aptamer, and a ligand for theproduct.
 47. The method of claim 44, wherein the capture matrixcomprises a gel.
 48. The method of claim 44, further comprising the stepof (e) illuminating a further population of the cells, the furtherpopulation contained in a further frame, and repeating steps (b) through(d).
 49. The method of claim 44 or 48, wherein the one or more selectedcells are cells that produce a high level of product relative to othercells of the population.
 50. The method of claim 44 or 48, wherein theone or more selected cells are cells that produce a low level of productrelative to other cells of the population.
 51. The method of claim 44 or48, wherein the one or more selected cells are cells that produce anundetectable level of product relative to other cells of the population.52. The method of claim 48, further comprising repeating step (e)followed by steps (b) through (d) until substantially all of thenon-selected cells in the plurality of cells receive a substantiallylethal dose of radiation.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the one ormore selected cells are cells that produce a high level of productrelative to other cells of the plurality.
 54. The method of claim 52,wherein the one or more selected cells are cells that produce a lowlevel of product relative to other cells of the plurality.
 55. Themethod of claim 52, wherein the one or more selected cells are cellsthat produce an undetectable level of product relative to other cells ofthe plurality.
 56. The method of claim 44, further comprising allowingthe purified one or more selected cells to proliferate.
 57. The methodof claim 44, wherein steps (a) through (d) are automated.
 58. The methodof any of claims 44, 48 or 52, wherein the frame is a portion of afield-of-view, the field-of-view having an area selected from the groupof greater than 5 m², greater than 10 mm², greater than 20 mm², greaterthan 40 mm², greater than 80 mm², and greater than 160 mm².
 59. Themethod of claim 44, wherein the one or more selected cells areidentified with reference to a signal value corresponding to an amountof product localized to the capture matrix in the vicinity of the one ormore selected cells.
 60. The method of claim 44, wherein thesubstantially lethal dose of radiation is delivered in one or moreradiation pulses to each cell present within the non-domain area. 61.The method of claim 44, wherein the substantially lethal dose ofradiation has an energy density selected from the group of greater than0.1 J/cm², greater than 0.3 J/cm², greater than 1 J/cm², greater than 3J/cm², greater than 10 J/cm², greater than 30 J/cm², and greater than100 J/cm².
 62. The method of claim 44, wherein the substantially lethaldose of radiation has an irradiance selected from the group of greaterthan 10⁷ W/cm², greater than 10⁸ W/cm², greater than 10⁹ W/cm², greaterthan 10¹⁰ W/cm², and greater than 10¹¹ W/cm².
 63. The method of claim44, wherein the radiation comprises an electromagnetic radiation havinga wavelength selected from the group of between 200 and 400 nm, between400 and 760 nm, and between 760 and 3000 nm.
 64. A method for purifyingone or more selected cells, comprising: (a) contacting a plurality ofcells immobilized in proximity to a capture matrix, the capture matrixcapable of localizing a product secreted by one or more of the cells,with an agent that selectively binds to the product, the agent capableof generating a signal detectable as a property of light; (b)illuminating a population of the cells, the population contained in aframe; (c) detecting at least one property of light directed from theframe, wherein a property of light identifies product localized to thecapture matrix; (d) locating (i) one or more selected cells withreference to the detected property of light, and (ii) one or moredomains in the frame, each domain corresponding to an area occupied byat least one selected cell, wherein the one or more domains are locatedwith reference to the detected property of light, and (e) irradiatingthe non-domain area contained in the frame, wherein each cell presentwithin the non-domain area receives a substantially lethal dose ofradiation, whereby one or more selected cells having a desired productsecretion profile are purified.
 65. The method of claim 64, wherein theproduct is selected from a polypeptide, an antibody, an antibodyfragment, a cytokine, a growth factor, an enzyme, a hormone, aneurotransmitter, a signaling molecule, and a therapeutic protein. 66.The method of claim 64, wherein the capture matrix comprises a substanceselected from Protein G, Protein A, an antibody, an antibody fragment,an aptamer, and a ligand for the product.
 67. The method of claim 64,wherein the capture matrix comprises a gel.
 68. The method of claim 64,further comprising the step of (f) illuminating a further population ofthe cells, the further population contained in a further frame, andrepeating steps (c) through (e).
 69. The method of claim 64 or 68,wherein the one or more selected cells are cells that produce a highlevel of product relative to other cells of the population.
 70. Themethod of claim 64 or 68, wherein the one or more selected cells arecells that produce a low level of product relative to other cells of thepopulation.
 71. The method of claim 64 or 68, wherein the one or moreselected cells are cells that produce an undetectable level of productrelative to other cells of the population.
 72. The method of claim 68,further comprising repeating step (f) followed by steps (c) through (e)until substantially all of the non-selected cells in the plurality ofcells receive a substantially lethal dose of radiation.
 73. The methodof claim 72, wherein the one or more selected cells are cells thatproduce a high level of product relative to other cells of theplurality.
 74. The method of claim 72, wherein the one or more selectedproduct-secreting cells are cells that produce a low level of productrelative to other cells of the plurality.
 75. The method of claim 72,wherein the one or more selected cells are cells that produce anundetectable level of product relative to other cells of the plurality.76. The method of claim 64, further comprising allowing the purified oneor more selected cells to proliferate.
 77. The method of claim 64,wherein steps (b) through (e) are automated.
 78. The method of any ofclaims 64, 68 or 72, wherein the frame is a portion of a field-of-view,the field-of-view having an area selected from the group of greater than5 mm², greater than 10 mm², greater than 20 mm², greater than 40 mm²,greater than 80 mm², and greater than 160 mm².
 79. The method of claim64, wherein the agent that selectively binds to the product is selectedfrom an antibody, an antibody fragment, an aptamer, a substrate, and aligand.
 80. The method of claim 64, wherein the one or more selectedcells are identified with reference to a signal value corresponding toan amount of product localized to the capture matrix in the vicinity ofthe one or more selected cells.
 81. The method of claim 64, wherein thesubstantially lethal dose of radiation is delivered in one or moreradiation pulses to each cell present within the non-domain area. 82.The method of claim 64, wherein the substantially lethal dose ofradiation has an energy density selected from the group of greater than0.1 J/cm², greater than 0.3 J/cm², greater than 1 J/cm², greater than 3J/cm², greater than 10 J/cm², greater than 30 J/cm², and greater than100 J/cm².
 83. The method of claim 64, wherein the substantially lethaldose of radiation has an irradiance selected from the group of greaterthan 10⁷ W/cm², greater than 10⁸ W/cm², greater than 10⁹ W/cm², greaterthan 10¹⁰ W/cm², and greater than 10¹¹ W/cm².
 84. The method of claim64, wherein the radiation comprises an electromagnetic radiation havinga wavelength selected from the group of between 200 and 400 nm, between400 and 760 nm, and between 760 and 3000 nm.